Fig. 2

Examples of common data curation challenges. (a) Input errors. (b) the use of jargon or shorthand that isn’t necessarily known outside the data collectors. (c) Data collected at different granularities, which can cause issues if data systems and curators do not know the hierarchical relationships. (d) semantic ambiguity; the image shows two people using the term “isolation” while one envisions at home (depicted by a house) and the other in a medical facility (depicted by the Caduceus staff). (e) Different date formats. (f) Inconsistent data collection; image shows forms with different fields filled out and/or the same fields filled out differently