Table 2 Characteristics of the Helsinki Health Study participants by pain status at phases 1 (2017) and 2 (2022) (n = 3245)
No pain | Pain only at phase 1 | Pain only at phase 2 | Recurrent pain (%) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
Total | 1340 (41) | 572 (18) | 534 (16) | 799 (25) | |
Gender | < 0.001 | ||||
Woman | 1007 (39) | 462 (18) | 418 (16) | 663 (26) | |
Man | 333 (48) | 110 (16) | 116 (17) | 136 (20) | |
Age | 0.473 | ||||
19–29 years | 389 (43) | 163 (18) | 149 (16) | 207 (23) | |
30–40 years | 951 (41) | 409 (18) | 385 (16) | 592 (25) | |
Marital status | 0.377 | ||||
Married or cohabiting | 922 (42) | 389 (18) | 364 (17) | 521 (24) | |
Unmarried, other | 418 (40) | 183 (17) | 170 (16) | 278 (27) | |
Education level | < 0.001 | ||||
High | 1001 (45) | 386 (17) | 363 (16) | 490 (22) | |
Low | 339 (34) | 186 (19) | 171 (17) | 309 (31) | |
Physical workload | < 0.001 | ||||
Light | 342 (48) | 123 (17) | 112 (16) | 134 (19) | |
Medium | 619 (42) | 258 (18) | 245 (17) | 341 (23) | |
Heavy | 379 (35) | 191 (18) | 177 (17) | 324 (30) | |
Mental workload | < 0.001 | ||||
Light | 347 (47) | 109 (15) | 140 (19) | 142 (19) | |
Medium | 816 (42) | 361 (19) | 311 (16) | 460 (24) | |
Heavy | 177 (32) | 102 (18) | 83 (15) | 197 (35) | |
Smoking | 0.010 | ||||
Non-smoker | 1082 (43) | 443 (17) | 415 (16) | 596 (24) | |
Smoker | 258 (36) | 129 (18) | 119 (17) | 203 (29) | |
Alcohol consumption | 0.146 | ||||
< weekly | 929 (40) | 407 (18) | 375 (16) | 591 (26) | |
≥ weekly | 411 (44) | 165 (18) | 159 (17) | 208 (22) | |
Vegetable consumption | 0.002 | ||||
≥ daily | 974 (43) | 399 (17) | 391 (17) | 524 (23) | |
< daily | 366 (38) | 173 (18) | 143 (15) | 275 (29) | |
Obesity | < 0.001 | ||||
No | 1,192 (43) | 484 (18) | 460 (17) | 628 (23) | |
Yes | 148 (31) | 88 (18) | 74 (15) | 171 (36) | |
Average sleep | < 0.001 | ||||
7–8 h | 1027 (45) | 397 (17) | 371 (16) | 485 (21) | |
< 7 h | 210 (32) | 120 (18) | 106 (16) | 224 (34) | |
> 8 h | 103 (34) | 55 (18) | 57 (19) | 90 (30) | |