Table 1 Risk of bias of included studies
Study name | Randomisation process | Deviations from intended interventions | Missing outcome data | Measurement of the outcome | Selection of the reported result | Overall bias |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chen, 2018 [12] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Yang et al., 2015 [13] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Some concerns | Some concerns |
Shen et al., 2022 [14] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Hong et al., 2015 [15] | High | Low | Low | Low | Some concerns | High |
Zhong et al., 2023 [16] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Hong et al., 2014 [17] | High | Low | Low | Low | Some concerns | High |
Mei et al., 2023 [18] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Some concerns | Some concerns |
Hong et al., 2014 [19] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Some concerns | Some concerns |
Zheng et al., 2012 [20] | High | Low | Low | Low | Some concerns | High |
Chen et al., 2020 [21] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Shi et al., 2021 [22] | High | Low | Low | Low | Some concerns | High |
Xia et al., 2020 [23] | Some concerns | Low | Low | Low | Some concerns | Some concerns |
Xu et al., 2020 [24] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Some concerns | Some concerns |
Liu et al., 2023 [25] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Zhu, 2012 [26] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Xie, 2023 [27] | High | Some concerns | Low | Low | Low | High |
Liao et al., 2022 [28] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Zhou, 2014 [29] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Ma et al., 2022 [30] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Zhou, 2022 [31] | High | Low | Low | Low | Low | High |
Wang et al., 2005 [32] | Some concerns | Low | Low | Low | Low | Some concerns |
Zhang et al., 2020[33] | Some concerns | Low | Low | Low | Low | Some concerns |
Wang et al., 2019 [34] | Low | Some concerns | Low | Low | Low | Some concerns |
Li et al., 2012 [35] | Some concerns | Low | Low | Low | Low | Some concerns |
Zhu et al., 2010 [36] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Some concerns | Some concerns |
Zhu et al., 2023 [37] | High | Low | Low | Low | Low | High |
Wang et al., 2016 [38] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Some concerns | Some concerns |
Dong et al., 2018 [39] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Some concerns | Some concerns |
Geng et al., 2018 [40] | High | Low | Low | Low | Some concerns | High |
Zhang, 2018 [41] | High | Low | Low | Low | Some concerns | High |
Lars et al., 2006 [42] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Purcell et al., 2007 [43] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Halpern et al., 2023 [5] | Low | Some concerns | Low | Low | Low | Some concerns |
Gorayeb et al., 2012 [44] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Zhang et al., 2023 [45] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Some concerns | Some concerns |
Aba et al., 2017 [6] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Guven et al., 2020 [46] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Chan et al., 2006 [47] | Some concerns | Low | Low | Low | Low | Some concerns |
Wu et al., 2022 [48] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Domar et al., 2015 [7] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Paulus et al., 2002 [49] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Some concerns | Some concerns |
Rasoulzadeh Bidgoli et al., 2020 [50] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Ockhuijsen et al., 2014 [51] | Some concerns | Low | Low | Low | Low | Some concerns |