Table 3 Associations of minority health social vulnerability index with ongoing long COVID and long COVID diagnosis, Michigan COVID-19 recovery surveillance study, 2022–2023 (n = 3,781)

Minority Health Social Vulnerability Index (ref: low/moderate ^b)

 High ^c

0.98

0.94

1.14

1.15

(0.78–1.24)

(0.79–1.13)

(0.91–1.43)

(0.93–1.42)

Age (ref: 18–34)

 35–54

2.01***

1.66***

(1.76–2.29)

(1.36–2.03)

 55–64

2.10***

2.17***

(1.76–2.52)

(1.58–2.98)

 ≥65

1.76***

1.47*

(1.46–2.12)

(1.09–1.98)

Sex (ref: male)

 Female

1.63***

1.55***

(1.45–1.84)

(1.35–1.79)

Race and ethnicity (ref: NH White)

 Hispanic

0.81

0.78

(0.55–1.19)

(0.54–1.12)

 NH Black

1.11

1.14

(0.89–1.40)

(0.88–1.47)

 Another NH race or ethnicity

0.92

1.17

(0.70–1.20)

(0.92–1.48)

Education (ref: college graduate)

 < High school

0.90

0.81†

(0.75–1.07)

(0.65–1.02)

 Some college

1.08

0.99

(0.94–1.24)

(0.81–1.21)

Household income (ref: ≥$75,000)

 <$35,000

1.61**

1.94***

(1.21–2.13)

(1.42–2.66)

 $35,000–74,999

1.30**

1.59***

(1.08–1.58)

(1.29–1.95)

Health insurance status (ref: private insurance)

 Medicare/Medicaid/another type

1.36*

0.97

(1.05–1.76)

(0.61–1.56)

 None

1.07

1.13

(0.87–1.31)

(0.91–1.41)

County-level population size (ref: ≥700,000)

 <180,000

1.12

1.09

(0.95–1.32)

(0.85–1.39)

 180,000–699,999

0.86*

0.97

(0.76–0.97)

(0.79–1.19)

County-level rural-urban classification (ref: urban)

 Rural

0.90

1.36*

(0.70–1.14)

(1.03–1.81)